[crAzerk]

just crAzerk's school stuff please don't edit thanks!!!

Appraisal Determinants of Emotion: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory (Roseman, Antoniou, Jose, 1996)
- Remember to evaluate internal consistency of each item measuring a single appraisal.
- When you manipulate control be careful – if person believes he can exert control, feel ‘reactance’; if believe he can’t exert control, feel ‘learned helplessness’. Make sure to account for this. (p263)

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• 4 AE relationships that have been supported by research (e.g. positive emotions are elicited by events appraised as motive consistent, and negative by events appraised as motive inconsistent)
• Previous issue was that studies asked for subjects’ thoughts once emotion had begun rather than asking for cause of emotions. This study asks for antecents.
• Method – Recall 2 negative (or non-negative) emotions, then rate appraisals.
• See Discussion for results of their hypotheses – many A-E relationships
• Nice summary table of A-E relationships

An S-shaped Relationship Between Changes in Appraisals and Changes in Emotions (Tong, Ellsworth & Bishop, 2009)
Good summary of appraisal research, also see for how to put down non-verbal measures of emotions!

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- Linear relation btwn cog and emotion too simplistic
- Good summary of appraisal research
- Kappa's (2001) Dynamic Appraisal Theory of Emotion (DATE)
- Study 1 uses vignette method to manipulate appraisals (Goal Achievement, Expectancy, Agency, Control) across 10 levels, and measured reported emotions. Results: ogival relationships observed in all except agency and anger
- Study 2 uses Ecological Momentary assessment (PDA device responding throughout the day) with asian undergrads +police officers. Cultural variability and naturalistic settings and within subject! Results: Same ogival relationships supported
- Points out the disadvantages of non-verbal measures of emotions!
- If obtain nonsignificant results, it could be because I manipulated appraisals too strongly! See page 834

S-shaped Appraisal-Emotion Relationships: The Role of Neuroticism (Tong & Tay)
Manipulation of coping potential by varying difficulty of memory task

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• Study to show s-shaped relationship between appraisal and emotion
• “because appraisals are correlated with each other, Difficult to manipulate an appraisal without affecting related appraisals”
• A-E relationships are contingent on personality!
• Claims that it varies multiple levels of appraisal (coping potential) due to 10 levels of difficulty – but I feel there may not be differences between 1,2,3,4 – after all, normal humans can remember up to 7 digits +/- 2. Should start from 5 to avoid floor effect.

The sufficiency and necessity of appraisals for negative emotions (Tong, 2010)
- How to criticize recall/vignette studies !
- can cite this when explaining why we use CRT better than use individual appraisals.

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• Past studies have shown that single appraisals are neither sufficient nor necessary for emotions. This study shows that a configuration of appraisals is also neither sufficient nor necessary for emotions.

The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study.

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Mauro, Robert; Sato, Kaori; Tucker, John
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 62(2), Feb 1992, 301-317
Few differences between the 3 cultures were observed on the more primitive dimensions (pleasantness, attentional activity, certainty, coping ability, and goal/need conduciveness) and on 2 of the more cognitively complex dimensions (legitimacy and norm/self compatibility). More substantial differences were observed on 3 other complex dimensions (control, responsibility, and anticipated effort).

Appraisal Processes in Emotion
History of appraisal theories, a good overview of all issues relevant to A-E

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• Distinction between primary/sec appraisals; Emotion is a process
• Appraisal theories are the opposite of categorical theories (and also different from dimensional theories)
• Appraisals can be seen as antecedents or components of an emotion!
• Major Dimensions of Appraisal (theory and evidence):
  Basic Stimulus Characteristics- Novelty, Pleasantness (Valence)
  Motivational Bases- Needs (motivational relevance), (nature of) Goals, Values (motive-consistency)
  Power and Coping - agency, coping potential
  Social Dimension- Identity, Norms, Values, Justice
• Individual Differences and Cultural Differences
• Real and Imaginary problems of appraisal theories! - some interesting discussion about methods!
• .

Appraisals Cause Experienced Emotions: Experimental Evidence
Manipulates appraisals of motivational state (appetitive or aversive) and outcome probability (certainty). See this for how to write own paper !

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• Sources for appraisal theory hypotheses
• Good procedure to adapt!
• Don't understand why they make it 0.81 rather than 0.5
• will they criticize me for experimentor bias since i'm not blind?
• Papers that criticize causal relationship of appraisals -> emotion (p18)
• Predictions not supported due to stupid number range/choice. Can use this as rationale.
• Some problems with 'cognitive focus' due to split event of getting 1st and then second number. If procedure could unify these two would be good.

In Search of the 'Hot' Cognitions: Attributions, Appraisals, and their relation to Emotion
Good CRT article. Refer to learn how to put down recall-based method and also how it is defended!

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• CRT predicts emotions better than attributions too!
• Reminds us of the necessity of the distinction between attribution and appraisals
• "One advantage a non-recall method has over a recall method is participant is less likely to respond schematically. This only occurs if ppt guesses the purpose of the research, which we try to greatly reduce with distractors, etc

The Cognition-Emotion Process in Achievement-Related Contexts
Can cite when saying how ppts in my paper/method do not rely on scripts (how should i respond) but responding with actual emotions.

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Method: Recall!
Page 1217 for cite.
"we may be studying naive theories of emotion..."

Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion
Outlines how numerous emotions varied in their appraisals

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Recalled past experiences associated with an emotion, and rated 6 appraisals.
Results showed systematic variation along these dimensions for each emotion
Outlines the properties of each emotion: Happiness and pride, Interest and hope, Challenge, Surprise, Shame and Guilt, Disgust, Anger and contempt, Frustration, Sadness, Fear.
Outlines properties of each dimension of appraisal: Pleasantness, Anticpated effort, Certainty.Attentional Activity, Responsibility and Control

Relations and Dissociations between Appraisal and Emotion Ratings of Reasonable and Unreasonable Anger and Guilt (1999)
Claims AE relationships are variant and not always demonstrated (e.g. for unreasonable anger).

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- some good criticism of recall
- some weird results - ppl feel guilty even when no personal responsibility
- 'unreasonable' anger had a different appraisal profile from 'reasonable' anger. Such a result was not observed for 'unreasonable' vs 'reasonable' guilt\
- Study 2 problem is 'I did not get angry because.. choices.'. open ended better?.
- Results - opposite to standard appraisal theories.. but retrospective!
- some of the A-E relationships do not operate equivalently over the full range of emotional and appraisal episodes (could be because of ogival relationship?)

Metacognition and Emotion

Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring
Good expository article on metacognition

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Two types of metacognition - knowledge and experience.
Knowledge - person, task, strategy
Experience and knowledge can interact and influence each other

Metacognition, Perceived stress, and Negative Emotion
Can cite this article when talking about metacognition and psychopathology.

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Stress process.
Two typologies of metacognition :
Self-regulatory executive function (?)
Metacognitions are believed to play a fundamental role in influencing the choice of maladaptive coping strategies
Metacognition was found to be positively and significantly correlated with both perceived stress and negative emotion.

Emotion and meta-cognition: Implications for attitude change.

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This article describes the basic psychological processes by which emotions can influence attitude change. The first part of the review focuses on the link between emotion and cognition, describing how emotions can influence information processing (e.g., how emotions affect the amount and direction of thoughts generated in response to a persuasive proposal). Next, we describe how emotions can not only influence the thoughts that come to mind, but also affect what we think about those thoughts (meta-cognition). In line with this reasoning, recent research in meta-cognition reveals that emotions can influence whether people rely on or doubt what they are thinking and also about what they are feeling at the time. Specifically, different paradigms demonstrate that emotions can validate or invalidate our own emotions (e.g., feeling sad about being happy) and thoughts (e.g., feeling angry about a thought). Furthermore, different forms of cognition can validate or invalidate both what we think and also what we feel (e.g., as a function of the ease with which thoughts and feelings come to mind
(article in Spanish)

Effect of depression on quantity and quality of social inferences.

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Two studies explored depressives' sensitivity to social information as an impediment to their gaining a sense of confidence and control. In Study 1, Ss viewed a videotape of an actor performing an achievement task and were asked to list their impressions of the actor. As compared with nondepressed Ss, depressed Ss generated more inferences overall, generated more abstract inferences, and exhibited less overall confidence in their impression of the actor. In Study 2, Ss reported their beliefs of the utility of information about a person's past behaviors and personality for understanding, predicting future behavior, and describing that person. Depressed Ss expressed more interest than did nondepressed Ss in both types of information but were less confident of the utility of the information for prediction
Metacognition as a mediator of the relationship between emotion and smoking dependence
relationship between emotion and smoking dependence is partially mediated by metacognition,

Thought Confidence as a Determinant of Persuasion: The Self-Validation Hypothesis Petty, Brinol, Tormala (2002) (multi-stage study)
Can use 'self-validation hypothesis' to justify why we use thought confidence. Good to refer to when doing lit review for metacognition and why we use thought confidence in the appr-emo relationship. Also another manipulation of thought confidence!

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- When thoughts are primarily favorable, increasing confidence in their validity should increase persuasion; increasing doubt should decrease persuasion
- When thoughts are primarily unfavorable, increasing confidence in their validity should decrease persuasion; increasing doubt should increase persuasion
-*impact of metacognitive factors depends not only on thought valence but also on their motivation/ability to elaborate on information presented.
- amount of confidence ppl have in validity of their cognition can moderate the ability of those cognitions to predict attitudes.
-note Study 2's discussion about attitude confidence + thought confidence to know how to write up about certainty, general confidence, etc
- Tiedens and Linton (2001) for citing an article about misattribution of general confidence to confidence of thought.
- Another manipulation of thought confidence - consensual validation!
- See for how to write own procedure!
- Results show that it's not just argument quality that is impt, but thought confidence!
- Although one may generate positive thoughts in response to a message, the extent to which these thoughts result in a positive attitude depends on the person's confidence in these thoughts.

RET stuff.